Tourism Investment, Supply and Demand in Indonesia: Impact and Factor Analysis
Abstract
Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the Indonesia growth of economy, based on data
from the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, the share of national tourism to GDP is 13.9
percent and of course the contribution of the sector to be helpful for the growth of the national economy,
through foreign exchange earnings as revenue from tourist consumption. Besides that, it has provided a
multiplier effect to other sectors which related to the sectors. Therefore, an improving of the contribution
is a one of government’s effort to boost economic growth and increasing the welfare, thus the increasing
of tourism investment and trade will be focus in the tourism development program. Meanwhile, the
Indonesia Coordinating Board (BKPM) stated the average national investment for the tourism sector is
Rp. 2.73 billion or 6 percent from total investment during 2006-2012, in other words an investment in
tourism sector has not been able to provide optimal contribution to the national economy development
considering to its potential.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of investment, demand and supply of
Indonesian tourism sector. Regarding to answer the problems, this research used series data from 1990 –
2012 periods, by using simultaneous model (2SLS) the model analyzed impact of investment, and
international trade of Indonesia tourism sector to the national economic growth. Based on the Two Stages
Least Squares method on simultaneous model, the results of the analysis gives some conclusions including: (1)
tourism arrivals, tourism expenditure, investment, consumption price index, total consumption, government
spending, export and import tourism affected the national tourism demand, (2) Current investment and
investment on previous year, total consumption on previous year, and travel warning have positive impact to
national tourism supply, (3) GDP was the most influenced variable beside Indonesia tourism price and
neighbor countries’ tourism price as competitors of Indonesia tourism. Finally, the simulations showed the
fiscal and monetary policy impact to the national economic tourismsector.
Keywords
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anderson, James E. 1979. A Theoretical Foundation For The Gravity Equation, American Economic Review
, 106-116
Antariksa B. 2010. Pengaruh Liberalisasi Perdagangan Jasa terhadap Daya Saing Kepariwisataan Indonesia.
Prosiding Pertemuan Diklat Pariwisata tingkat Lanjutan Tahun 2010; Jakarta, 29 Juli 2010. Jakarta: Pusdiklat
Kemenbudpar.
Antara, Made. 1999. Dampak Pengeluaran Pemerintah dan Wisatawan terhadap Kinerja Perekonomian Bali:
Pendekatan Sosial Accounting Matrix. (Disertasi). Bogor: IPB
Archer, Brian & Cooper. 1994. The Positive and Negatif Impacts of Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Barudin. 2011. Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan dan Peningkatan Permintaan Pariwisata terhadap Kinerja
Ekonomi Makro dan Sektoral di Indonesia. (Thesis). Bogor: IPB
Choyakh H. 2008. Modeling Tourism Demand in Tunisia Using Cointegration and Error Correction Models.
London: Physica-Verlag.
Dornbusch, R., S. Fischer, dan R. Startz. 2004. Macroeconomics. 9th edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston
Dunning, John H. 1980. Towards an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests.
Reading University. England
Gujarati, D. 1995. Basic Econometrics. Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York
Greene. 2000, Econometric Analysis. 4th ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Hady H. 2004. Ekonomi Internasional, Teori dan Kebijakan Perdagangan Internasional. Buku kesatu. Jakarta :
Ghalia Indonesia.
Hanafiah, M.H. & Harun, M.F. 2011. Trade and Tourism Demand: A case of Malaysia. International
Conference on Business and Eonomic Research. Malaysia
Heriawan R. 2004. Peranan dan Dampak Pariwisata pada Perekonomi Indonesia: Suatu Pendekatan Model IO
san SAM [Disertasi]. Bogor: IPB.
Intriligator, M.R. Bodkin and C. Hsiao. 1978. Econometrics Models, Techniques and Application. Prentice-Hall
Inc., New Jersey
Koutsoyianis, A. 1977. Theory of Econometrics: An Introductory Exposition of Econometric Methods. Second
Edition. The Macmillan Publisher Ltd,. London
Paul R. Krugman & Mauricen Stfeld, International Economics, Theory and Practics, London Scott, Foresman &
Company, 1997
Kweka J. 2004. Tourism and The Economiy of Tanzania: a CGE Analysis. Research Fellow Economic and
Sosial Research Foundation. Oxford, UK: P.0. BOX 31226., 21 - 22 March 2004.
Lumaksono, Adi. 2011. Dampak Ekonomi Pariwisata Internasional Pada Perekonomian Indonesia: Suatu
Pendekatan Ekonometrika dan Analisis Input-Output (Disertasi). IPB. Bogor
Mankiw, N.G., D. Romer, dan D. Weil. 2002. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, Quarterly
Journal of Economics
Marpaung, Happy. 2002. Pengantar Pariwisata. Bandung : Alfabeta
Mathieson, Alister dan Wall, Geofrey, 1982, Tourism: Economic, Physical, and Sosial Impacts, Longman,
London and New York
Mason, P. 2003, Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management . Oxford
Millberg, William. 1999. Foreign Direct Investment and Development: Reassessing the Costs and Benefits.
International Monetary and Financial Issues for the 1990’s, Vol. VII, UNCTAD: Geneva
Nicholson W. 2005. Microeconomic Theory, Basic Principles and Extensions. Ninth Edition. Canada: Thomson
South-western.
Oktaviani R, Novianti T. 2009. Teori Perdagangan Internasional dan Aplikasinya di Indonesia. Bagian I.
Bogor: Departemen Ilmu Ekonomi FEM, IPB.
Pitana, I Gde, & Gayatri, Putu G. 2005. Sosiologi Pariwisata. Yogyakarta.: Andi
Pyndick, R.S. and D.L. Rubinfeld. 1991. Econometric Models and Economic Forecast. Third Edition. Mc
Graw-Hill Inc, Singapore
Rahayu, Ani Sri, 2010, Pengantar Kebijakan Fiskal, Bumi Aksara, Jakarta
Raharja, Prathama, dan Manurung. 2008. Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi. Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi
Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta
Romer, Paul, M. 1986.
The Journal of Political Economy, Volume 94 Vol 5. Pp 1002-1037
Sadoulet E, de Janvry A. 1995. Quantitative Development Policy Analysis. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins
University Press.
Samuelson. P.A., and Nordhaus. 2004. Economics. 17th Edition. Irwin-Mc Graw Hill
Salvatore D. 1996. Ekonomi Internasional. Munandar H, penerjemah; Sumiharti Y, editor. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Terjemahan dari: International Economics.
Sinclair, M. T., and C. M. S. Sutcliffe. 1988. The Estimation of Keynesian Income Multipliers at The Subnational
level. Applied Economics 20(11), 1435-1444.
Smith, S. L. J. 1988. Defining Tourism: A Supply-Side View. Annuals of Tourism Research 15(2):179-190.
Spillane & James, J. 1994. Ekonomi Pariwisata: Sejarah dan Prospeknya. Kanisius. Yogyakarta
Sugiyarto G, Blake A, Sinclair MT. 2003. Economic Impact of Tourism and Globalisation in Indonesia.
Annuals of Tourism Research, 30 (3). Hlm 683-701.
Sukirno, Sadono. 2001. Pengantar Teori Mikroekonomi. Edisis ke-2. Jakarta. Rajawali Pess
Suyana, Made. 2006. Pengaruh Perkembangan Pariwisata Terhadap Kinerja Perekonomian dan Perubahan
Struktur Ekonomi Serta Kesejahteraan Masyrakat di Provinsi Bali (Disertasi). Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya
Thapa, K. (2005). Challenges and Opprtunities of Village Tourism in Sirubari. B.Sc Thesis, School of
Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Pokhara University, Kathmandu
UNWTO 2009. Tourism Highlights 2009 Edition . http://www.unwto.org [21 April 2010].
UNWTO. 2011. Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition. http://www.unwto.org [2 November 2011].
Wagner JE. 1997. Estimating the Economic Impacts of Tourism. Annuals of Tourism Research 24 . hlm 592-
World Economic Forum. 2011. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland.
Yoety, Oka. 1996. Pemasaran Pariwisata. Bandung : Angkasa.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
International Conference On Law, Business and Governance (ICon-LBG)
Bandar Lampung University
ISSN: 2339-1650